In retrofitting, we remove the existing petrol / diesel / CNG / LPG engine and put the EV motor and batteries. Through Retrofitting, vehicles produce zero emissions at the point of use. An electric motor is 400% to 600% more efficient than an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). A Retrofitted Vehicle (RV), per mile, uses one-half the fossil-fuel resources an ICE consumes. An RV produces only 5% to 10% of the emissions of an ICE per mile traveled. RVs can use electricity from anywhere including sustainable energy resources (wind and sun). RVs are simple, silent, and affordable to operate. RVs use rechargeable batteries as a source of electrical energy. A RV's batteries do not store electrical energy in the same sense that a fuel tank stores liquid fuel. Instead, they are essentially self-contained electrochemical reactors in which the by-products are retained within the battery housing. During recharge, these by-products are reconstituted into their original state where they are ready for another electrochemical reaction cycle.